Group+3-+Counter-museums

=Counter Museums in memorial of the Holocaust =

[[image:Judenplatz.jpg width="271" height="219" align="right"]]
==== was burned 517 years prior to the Nazis invasion of Vienna. The project was the initiative of Simon Wiesenthal and was constructed by the city of Vienna. A competition was held to find the designer of the memorial and Rachel Whiteread was selected unanimously by a panel of judges. It was planned to be finished in November 1996 but was delayed four years due to political and aesthetic controversies. It was unveiled October 25, 2000. ====

====The memorial is constructed of steel and cement in the cast of library shelves. The spines of the books are facing inward making the viewer unable to see the title or content of the volumes. The double doors on the front of the memorial are cast with panels that are inside out: they have no doorknobs or handles. This suggests the possibility of coming or going, but in actuality they do not open. The memorial does not have any frills or fancy architecture, it was not intended to be beautiful, it was intended to provoke thought and a feeling of discomfort. ====

Forest of the Martyrs + Scroll of Fire
====The Forest of the Martyrs is the world's largest memorial to the Holocaust. The living memorial is located near the Kisalon riverbed on the west side of Jerusalem in Israel. The forest contains approximately six million trees that represent the six million victims of the Holocaust. The forest====

[[image:scroll_of_fire.jpg width="177" height="259" align="right"]]
====was planted in 1951 by Keren Kayemeth Le Israel- Jewish National Fund (KKL-JNF) in co-operation with Bnei Brith. Many Holocaust survivors have chosen to commemorate their loved ones who lost their lives in the Holocaust by planting groves in their honor and engrave their names on special memorial plaques. The forest has many hiking trails so people can walk through and enjoy the nature around them.====

There is an impressive sculpture in the forest that was designed and built by Warsaw-born Nathan Rapoport called the
====Scroll of Fire. The Scroll of Fire tells the story of the rebirth of the nation of Israel from the Holocaust up to the Six Day War and is divided into a right and left side. The right side depicts times of the Holocaust and includes Jews being marched off to concentration camps, face-less Nazis, a mother and child in flames ascending to heaven, and an==== ====olive tree comprised of human bodies. The left is the side of a new beginning and includes the symbol of a wandering Jew who has left his stick and sack behind signifying that he has reached his homeland as well as a pregnant woman symbolizing the next generation of Jews that will be born into freedom. On this side there is also a band of soldiers carrying a menorah alongside the prophet Elijah and a child holding a cluster of grapes, one of the Seven Species listed in the Hebrew Bible.====

Stolpersteine Memorial
__Stolpersteine__-- //(stumbling block, obstacle, something in the way)//

==== The stumbling stone memorial was made in 1993 by the artist, Gunter Demnig. The stones are to represent all of the victims of the Holocaust that were killed or deported during the third Reich. Demnig wanted to remember these people and what they represented because he believed that “a person is only forgotten, if his or her name is forgotten“. The stones are made out of a 4 inch concrete cube and are covered with a brass outer shell. Most are imprinted with the words, “ Hier wohnte” ("here lived"), followed by the name of person, date of birth, deportation date, date of death and the camp if known. ==== ==== The stones are placed in front of the victims old residences or their places of employment for remembrance on a daily basis. The very First Stolpersteine was placed illegally in Cologne, Germany in 1994. The Priest of the time at the Antoniter Church had supported and encouraged Demnig to do the project. Beginning in 1995, Demnig began laying more stumbling stones in Cologne without a permit. Since his project has been legalized, and as of July 8 2010, Demnig had laid 25,000 stolpersteines in 569 different cities and towns. Each stepping stone cost about 95 Euro to make and are paid for by various ways and people. Such as communities, school classes, donations, collections, individual people and contemporary witnesses. At 25,000 and 95 Euros a piece, the project has cost at minimum of $3,179,411.70 (from my own calculations). ====

**Works Cited**
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[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolpersteine#cite_note-24]

http://www.stolpersteine.com/chronik.html

=Treblinka Memorial (Symbolic Cemetery)=

==== Treblinka was a death camp that operated located in Poland that was under operation from june1941 until 23 July 1944. Between 2,000 and 7,000 people were shipped by train to the camp every single day. Total, the Treblinka death camp took, an estimated 840,000 lives. ==== ==== The whole memorial of Treblinka was made between 1959-1963 and one specific memorial is the symbolic cemetery. The cemetery at Treblinka is made up of 17,000 stones in random shapes and sizes that form a circle. The circle is said to encompass the ashes of all the people that were killed there. The 17,000 stones are said to represent either the towns or communities the prisoners came from or the biggest amount of prisoners to be gassed in one single day, which happened there. Ten of the stones read different countries where the victims came from. ==== ==== The entrance of the symbolic graveyard is marked by a large monument reaching twenty-six foot high. It is made out of granite and resembles a tombstone. This very spot is said to be where the gas chambers once stood. The back of the monument is marked with a menorah at the very top. ==== ==== The largest stone in the cemetery is the Warsaw stone. This is to represent the largest transport of people to Treblinka. There was an estimated total of 240,000 Jews transported from Warsaw. In fact, the very first shipment of Jews also came from Warsaw. ====

====The memorial is in remembrance to the homosexuals persecuted during Nazism and at Paragraph 175, which during the 1950s and 1960s outlawed homosexuality. It was reformed in 1969 and then fully repealed in 1973.====

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=The Cologne Memorial= ====The Cologne Memorial is dedicated to the gay and lesbian victims of National Socialism. It is a monument to commemorate the homosexuals persecuted in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust. Inaugurated on June 24, 1995, it is the second of its kind after the Frankfurt Angel. The monument stands on a very prominent location at the Rheingarten Embankment between the Cathedral, Museum Ludwig and the Hohenzollern Bridge.====

====The design of this memorial was subject to a competition, where Achim Zinkann's design was selected as the winner. The memorial is made of pink and gray granite and has a height of 120 cm and a length of 69 cm. The memorial is in the shape of a pink triangle, which was the symbol of the LGBT movement as used by the Nazis to refer to male inmates of concentration camps, who were persecuted because of their homosexuality. The memorial also bears the inscription, "**Totgeschlagen - Totgeschwiegen"** (a German language word play in regards to "death", meaning: swat to death - hushed up to death, making an accusation of the continuous neglect of the victims until 1994, when Paragraph 175 was abolished.)====

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[|http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahnmal_für_die_schwulen_und_lesbischen_Opfer_des_Nationalsozialismus_in_Köln]



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